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July Ordinances, also known as the ''Four Ordinances of Saint-Cloud'', were a series of decrees set forth by Charles X and Jules Armand de Polignac, the chief minister, in July 1830. Compelled by what he felt to be a growing, manipulative radicalism in the elected government, Charles felt that as king by right of birth, his primary duty was the guarantee of order and happiness in France and its people; not in political bipartisanship and the self-interpreted rights of implacable political enemies. The result was that on 9 July 1830, Charles announced that in his interpretation of, and in full compliance with, Article 14 of the Charte, he would henceforth govern by ''ordonnances''. On 25 July, while a guest at Saint-Cloud, he signed the famous "July Ordinances" which were published in the Parisian newspaper ''Moniteur'' the following day. These ''ordinances'' of 26 July: * Suspended the liberty of the press * Appointed new, and what many considered reactionary, Conseillers d'Etat * Dissolved the newly elected Chamber of Deputies of France * Reduced the number of deputies in future Chambers * Summoned new electoral colleges for September of that year * Withdrew the Deputies' right of amendment * Excluded the commercial middle-class from future elections〔Mansel, Philip "Paris Between Empires: 1814-1852" Chp. XIII, page 237〕 It was intended to quell the people of France. However, the ordinances had the opposite effect of angering the French citizens. Journalists gathered in protest at the headquarters of the ''National'' daily, founded in January 1830 by Adolphe Thiers, Armand Carrel, and others. The final result was the July Revolution and Charles X's abdication and exile. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「July Ordinances」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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